TY - BOOK AU - Ben-Ghiat,Ruth AU - Carnicer,Miguel Ángel Ruiz AU - Connelly,John AU - David-Fox,Michael AU - Grüttner,Michael TI - Universities Under Dictatorship SN - 9780271093499 U1 - 378/.00917 23 PY - 2005///] CY - University Park, PA : PB - Penn State University Press, KW - LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General KW - bisacsh KW - Connely KW - Francoist Spain KW - Grüttner KW - Maoist China KW - Mussolini’s Italy KW - Soviet Union KW - Soviet bloc countries KW - azi Germany KW - control KW - dictatorship KW - fascist KW - independence KW - intellectual freedom KW - political legitimation KW - resistance KW - subservience KW - university N1 - Frontmatter --; CONTENTS --; PREFACE --; ABBREVIATIONS --; Introduction --; 1 Russian Universities Across the 1917 Divide --; 2 Italian Universities Under Fascism --; 3 German Universities Under the Swastika --; 4 Spanish Universities Under Franco --; 5 The Communist Idea of the University: An Essay Inspired by the Hungarian Experience --; 6 Czech Universities Under Communism --; 7 Polish Universities and State Socialism, 1944–1968 --; 8 Resistance to the Sovietization of Higher Eduction in China --; 9 Between Control and Collaboration: The University in East Germany --; Concluding Reflections: Universities and Dictatorships --; INDEX; restricted access N2 - Dictatorships destroy intellectual freedom, yet universities need it. How, then, can universities function under dictatorships? Are they more a support or a danger for the system? In this volume, leading experts from five countries explore the many dimensions of accommodation and conflict, control and independence, as well as subservience and resistance that characterized the relationship of universities to dictatorial regimes in communist and fascist states during the twentieth century: Nazi Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, Francoist Spain, Maoist China, the Soviet Union, and the Soviet bloc countries of Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland. Comparisons across these cases reveal that the higher-education policies of modern dictatorships were characterized by a basic conflict of aims. On the one hand, universities were supposed to propagate reigning ideology and serve as training grounds for a dependable elite. Consequently, university autonomy was restricted, research used for political legitimation, personnel policies subjected to political calculus, and many undesired scholars simply put out on the street. On the other hand, modern dictatorships needed well-educated scientists, physicians, teachers, and engineers for the implementation of their political, economic, and military agendas. Communist and fascist leaders thus confronted the basic question of whether universities should be seen primarily as producers of ideology and functionaries loyal to the party line or as places where indispensable knowledge was made available. Dictatorships that opted to subject universities to rigorous political control reduced their scholarly productivity. But if the institutes of higher learning were left with too much autonomy, there was a danger that they would go astray politically. Besides the editors, the contributors are Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Michael David-Fox, Jan Havránek, Ralph Jessen, György Péteri, Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer, and Douglas Stiffler UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/9780271093499?locatt=mode:legacy UR - https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780271093499 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/isbn/9780271093499/original ER -