TY  - BOOK
AU  - Smith,Justin E.H.
TI  - Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference: Race in Early Modern Philosophy 
SN  - 9780691176345
AV  - GN269 .S65 2017
U1  - 305.8001 23
PY  - 2015///]
CY  - Princeton, NJ : 
PB  - Princeton University Press, 
KW  - Ethnicity
KW  - Philosophy
KW  - Evolution (Biology)
KW  - Philosophy of nature
KW  - Race
KW  - Science
KW  - PHILOSOPHY / History & Surveys / General
KW  - bisacsh
KW  - Anton Wilhelm Amo
KW  - European philosophy
KW  - Franois Bernier
KW  - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
KW  - Ibero-American world
KW  - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
KW  - Johann Gottfried Herder
KW  - New World peoples
KW  - New World
KW  - Renaissance
KW  - apes
KW  - biogeography
KW  - biological classification
KW  - biology
KW  - casuistical approach
KW  - categorial schemes
KW  - cognitivist approach
KW  - cultural anthropology
KW  - cultural difference
KW  - degeneration
KW  - degenerationism
KW  - diffusionist models
KW  - early modern universalism
KW  - eighteenth-century Germany
KW  - enslavement
KW  - higher primates
KW  - human difference
KW  - human diversity
KW  - human domination
KW  - human equality
KW  - human groups
KW  - human migration
KW  - human origins
KW  - human physical appearance
KW  - human racial diversity
KW  - human reason
KW  - human species
KW  - human variety
KW  - humanity
KW  - lineage
KW  - modern paleoanthropology
KW  - modern period
KW  - modern philosophy
KW  - modern race concept
KW  - modern racial classification
KW  - modern racial thinking
KW  - modern racism
KW  - moral equality
KW  - multiplicity
KW  - natural sciences
KW  - nonracial philosophical anthropology
KW  - novissima americana
KW  - polygenesis
KW  - pre-Adamism
KW  - race concept
KW  - race
KW  - racial categories
KW  - racial difference
KW  - racial theory
KW  - racial thinking
KW  - racial typing
KW  - racism
KW  - social constructionism
KW  - social sciences
KW  - taxonomic distinctions
KW  - textual sources
KW  - trans-Atlantic slavery
KW  - transhistorical sense
KW  - xenophobia
N1  - Frontmatter --; Contents --; Acknowledgments --; A Note on Citations and Terminology --; Introduction --; Chapter 1: Curious Kinks --; Chapter 2: Toward a Historical Ontology of Race --; Chapter 3: New Worlds --; Chapter 4: The Specter of Polygenesis --; Chapter 5: Diversity as Degeneration --; Chapter 6: From Lineage to Biogeography --; Chapter 7: L eibniz on Human Equality and Human Domination --; Chapter 8: Anton Wilhelm Amo --; Chapter 9: Race and Its Discontents in the Enlightenment --; Conclusion --; Biographical Notes --; Bibliography --; Index; restricted access; Issued also in print
N2  - People have always been xenophobic, but an explicit philosophical and scientific view of human racial difference only began to emerge during the modern period. Why and how did this happen? Surveying a range of philosophical and natural-scientific texts, dating from the Spanish Renaissance to the German Enlightenment, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference charts the evolution of the modern concept of race and shows that natural philosophy, particularly efforts to taxonomize and to order nature, played a crucial role.Smith demonstrates how the denial of moral equality between Europeans and non-Europeans resulted from converging philosophical and scientific developments, including a declining belief in human nature's universality and the rise of biological classification. The racial typing of human beings grew from the need to understand humanity within an all-encompassing system of nature, alongside plants, minerals, primates, and other animals. While racial difference as seen through science did not arise in order to justify the enslavement of people, it became a rationalization and buttress for the practices of trans-Atlantic slavery. From the work of François Bernier to G. W. Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, and others, Smith delves into philosophy's part in the legacy and damages of modern racism.With a broad narrative stretching over two centuries, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference takes a critical historical look at how the racial categories that we divide ourselves into came into being
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400866311?locatt=mode:legacy
UR  - https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9781400866311
UR  - https://www.degruyter.com/cover/covers/9781400866311.jpg
ER  -