TY  - BOOK
AU  - Elwick,James
TI  - Making a Grade: Victorian Examinations and the Rise of Standardized Testing 
SN  - 9781487508937
AV  - LB3056.G7 E49 2021
U1  - 371.26/2094109034 23
PY  - 2021///]
CY  - Toronto
PB  - University of Toronto Press
KW  - Education
KW  - Standards
KW  - Great Britain
KW  - History
KW  - 19th century
KW  - Educational tests and measurements
KW  - Examinations
KW  - EDUCATION / Evaluation & Assessment
KW  - bisacsh
KW  - Victorian studies
KW  - accountability
KW  - behaviour
KW  - cheating
KW  - cramming
KW  - credentials
KW  - history of education
KW  - history of science behavior
KW  - infrastructure
KW  - metrics
KW  - objectivity
KW  - science education
KW  - standardized testing
KW  - statistics
N1  - Frontmatter --; Contents --; Figures --; Preface and Acknowledgments --; Introduction --; Part One: Examinations --; 1 “The Age of Examinations”: A Historical Sketch --; 2 Monetizing Marks: The Political Economy of Examinations --; 3 An Epistemology of the Mundane: Dissecting One Examination --; Part Two: Examiners --; 4 Daguerreotypes of the Mind: Paper, Partition, and Specialization --; 5 Machining Minds: Commensuration, Tabulation, and Standardization --; 6 Thin Descriptions: Credentials and Other Signals --; Part Three: Examinees --; 7 Learning and Earning: Coaching, Cramming, and Arms Races --; 8 Immoral Economies: How to Cheat on a Victorian Exam --; 9 Economies, Remoralized: Examinations as Technologies of Inclusion --; Conclusion --; Appendix A: Important Dates --; Appendix B: Biographical List --; Notes --; Bibliography --; Index; restricted access
N2  - Starting in the 1850s achievement tests became standardized in the British Isles, and were administered on an industrial scale. By the end of the century more than two million people had written mass exams, particularly in science, technology, and mathematics. Some candidates responded to this standardization by cramming or cheating; others embraced the hope that such tests rewarded not only knowledge but also merit. Written with humour, Making a Grade looks at how standardized testing practices quietly appeared, and then spread worldwide. This book situates mass exams, marks, and credentials in an emerging paper-based meritocracy, arguing that such exams often first appeared as "cameras" to neutrally record achievement, and then became "engines" to change education as people tailored their behaviour to fit these tests. Taking the perspectives of both examiners and examinees, Making a Grade claims that our own culture’s desire for accountability through objective testing has a long history
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487539344
UR  - https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9781487539344
UR  - https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/isbn/9781487539344/original
ER  -