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001			197287
003			IT-RoAPU
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008			240426t20112012nyu fo d z eng d
019			_a(OCoLC)987944673
020			_a9780801458538 _qPDF
024	7		_a10.7591/9780801458538 _2doi
035			_a(DE-B1597)9780801458538
035			_a(DE-B1597)481729
035			_a(OCoLC)726824190
040			_aDE-B1597 _beng _cDE-B1597 _erda
072		7	_aPOL012000 _2bisacsh
082	0	4	_a172.42 _223
084			_aonline - DeGruyter
100	1		_aDownes, Alexander B. _eautore
245	1	0	_aTargeting Civilians in War / _cAlexander B. Downes.
264		1	_aIthaca, NY : _bCornell University Press, _c[2011]
264		4	_c©2012
300			_a1 online resource (328 p.) : _b23 tables
336			_atext _btxt _2rdacontent
337			_acomputer _bc _2rdamedia
338			_aonline resource _bcr _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
490	0		_aCornell Studies in Security Affairs
505	0	0	_tFrontmatter -- _tContents -- _tAcknowledgments -- _tIntroduction -- _t1. Defining and Explaining Civilian Victimization -- _t2. Statistical Tests: Civilian Victimization, Mass Killing, and Civilian Casualties in Interstate Wars -- _t3. The Starvation Blockades of World War I: Britain and Germany -- _t4. Strategic Bombing in World War II: The Firebombing of Japan and the Blitz -- _t5. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Civilian Victimization: The Second Anglo-Boer War -- _t6. Territorial Annexation and Civilian Victimization: The Founding of the State of Israel, 1947–49 -- _t7. Negative Cases: Why Civilian Victimization Doesn’t Happen -- _tConclusion -- _tNotes -- _tIndex
506	0		_arestricted access _uhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec _fonline access with authorization _2star
520			_aAccidental harm to civilians in warfare often becomes an occasion for public outrage, from citizens of both the victimized and the victimizing nation. In this vitally important book on a topic of acute concern for anyone interested in military strategy, international security, or human rights, Alexander B. Downes reminds readers that democratic and authoritarian governments alike will sometimes deliberately kill large numbers of civilians as a matter of military strategy. What leads governments to make such a choice?Downes examines several historical cases: British counterinsurgency tactics during the Boer War, the starvation blockade used by the Allies against Germany in World War I, Axis and Allied bombing campaigns in World War II, and ethnic cleansing in the Palestine War. He concludes that governments decide to target civilian populations for two main reasons—desperation to reduce their own military casualties or avert defeat, or a desire to seize and annex enemy territory. When a state's military fortunes take a turn for the worse, he finds, civilians are more likely to be declared legitimate targets to coerce the enemy state to give up. When territorial conquest and annexation are the aims of warfare, the population of the disputed land is viewed as a threat and the aggressor state may target those civilians to remove them. Democracies historically have proven especially likely to target civilians in desperate circumstances.In Targeting Civilians in War, Downes explores several major recent conflicts, including the 1991 Persian Gulf War and the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Civilian casualties occurred in each campaign, but they were not the aim of military action. In these cases, Downes maintains, the achievement of quick and decisive victories against overmatched foes allowed democracies to win without abandoning their normative beliefs by intentionally targeting civilians. Whether such "restraint" can be guaranteed in future conflicts against more powerful adversaries is, however, uncertain. During times of war, democratic societies suffer tension between norms of humane conduct and pressures to win at the lowest possible costs. The painful lesson of Targeting Civilians in War is that when these two concerns clash, the latter usually prevails.
538			_aMode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.
546			_aIn English.
588	0		_aDescription based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 26. Apr 2024)
650		0	_aCivilian war casualties _xHistory _x20th century.
650		0	_aCivilian war casualties _xHistory _y20th century.
650		0	_aCivilians in war.
650		0	_aMilitary history, Modern _x20th century.
650		0	_aMilitary history, Modern _y20th century.
650		0	_aPolitics and war _xHistory _x20th century.
650		0	_aPolitics and war _xHistory _y20th century.
650		0	_aWar and society _xHistory _x20th century.
650		0	_aWar and society _xHistory _y20th century.
650		0	_aWar victims _xHistory _x20th century.
650		0	_aWar victims _xHistory _y20th century.
650		4	_aHistory.
650		4	_aMilitary History.
650		7	_aPOLITICAL SCIENCE / Security (National & International). _2bisacsh
653			_ademocracies and autocracies, international security, war crimes, warfare, military history, military strategy, human rights and war, civilian safety.
850			_aIT-RoAPU
856	4	0	_uhttps://doi.org/10.7591/9780801458538
856	4	0	_uhttps://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780801458538
856	4	2	_3Cover _uhttps://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/isbn/9780801458538/original
942			_cEB
999			_c197287 _d197287