000			05210nam a22005895i 4500
001			208937
003			IT-RoAPU
005			20221214233743.0
006			m|||||o||d||||||||
007			cr || ||||||||
008			210830t20151993nju fo d z eng d
019			_a(OCoLC)1011461454
019			_a(OCoLC)1013955511
020			_a9780691600109 _qprint
020			_a9781400872763 _qPDF
024	7		_a10.1515/9781400872763 _2doi
035			_a(DE-B1597)9781400872763
035			_a(DE-B1597)454635
035			_a(OCoLC)979580832
040			_aDE-B1597 _beng _cDE-B1597 _erda
050		4	_aHD9801.U542
072		7	_aBUS023000 _2bisacsh
082	0	4	_a338.4/768 _220
084			_aonline - DeGruyter
100	1		_aCortada, James W. _eautore
245	1	0	_aBefore the Computer : _bIBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865-1956 / _cJames W. Cortada.
264		1	_aPrinceton, NJ : _bPrinceton University Press, _c[2015]
264		4	_c©1993
300			_a1 online resource (402 p.)
336			_atext _btxt _2rdacontent
337			_acomputer _bc _2rdamedia
338			_aonline resource _bcr _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
490	0		_aPrinceton Legacy Library ; _v1775
505	0	0	_tFrontmatter -- _tContents -- _tList of Illustrations -- _tList of Figures -- _tList of Tables -- _tPreface -- _tAcknowledgments -- _tPART ONE: ORIGINS OF A NEW INDUSTRY, 1865-1920 -- _t1. From Opportunities to Typewriters -- _t2. Adding and Calculating Machines -- _t3. Hollerith and the Development of Punched Card Tabulation -- _t4. Cash Registers and the National Cash Register Company -- _t5. Rudiments of an Industry Identified -- _tPART TWO: AN AGE OF OFFICE MACHINES, 1920-1941 -- _t6. Economic Conditions and the Role of Standardization -- _t7. Products, Practices, and Prices -- _t8. Commercial and Scientific Applications of Punched Card Machines -- _t9. International Trade in Punched Card Machines -- _t10. The Great Depression in the United States I -- _t11. IBM and Powers/Remington Rand -- _t12. Other Accounting Machines and Their Uses -- _t13. Vendors, Practices, and Results -- _tPART THREE: WORLD WAR II AND THE POSTWAR OFFICE APPLIANCE INDUSTRY, 1941-1956 -- _t14. Economics, Government Controls, and Applications -- _t15. The Role of Major Vendors, 1939-1946 -- _t16. Industry Structure, Vendors, and Practices, 1945-1956 -- _t17. Business Volumes -- _t18. Conclusion: The Roles of Marketing, Distribution, and Technology -- _tNotes -- _tIndex
506	0		_arestricted access _uhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec _fonline access with authorization _2star
520			_aBefore the Computer fully explores the data processing industry in the United States from its nineteenth-century inception down to the period when the computer became its primary tool. As James Cortada describes what was once called the "office appliance industry," he challenges our view of the digital computer as a revolutionary technology. Cortada interprets reliance on computers as a development within an important segment of the American economy that was earlier represented largely by such instruments as typewriters, tabulating machines, adding machines, and calculators. He also describes how many of the practices of the office appliance industry evolved into those of the computer world. Drawing on previously unavailable industry archives, the author adds to our understanding of IBM's early history and offers short corporate histories of firms that include NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand. Focusing on the United States but also including comparative material on Europe and Asia, Before the Computer will be a unique source of knowledge about the companies that built office equipment and their enormous impact on economic life.Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
530			_aIssued also in print.
538			_aMode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.
546			_aIn English.
588	0		_aDescription based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 30. Aug 2021)
650		0	_aElectronic office machine industry _xUnited States _xHistory.
650		0	_aElectronic office machine industry _zUnited States _xHistory.
650		0	_aOffice equipment and supplies industry _xUnited States _xHistory.
650		0	_aOffice equipment and supplies industry _zUnited States _xHistory.
650		7	_aBUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History. _2bisacsh
850			_aIT-RoAPU
856	4	0	_uhttps://doi.org/10.1515/9781400872763
856	4	0	_uhttps://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9781400872763
856	4	2	_3Cover _uhttps://www.degruyter.com/cover/covers/9781400872763.jpg
942			_cEB
999			_c208937 _d208937